MD2 (cryptography)

Template:Infobox cryptographic hash function

Message Digest Algorithm 2 (MD2) is a cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest in 1989. The algorithm is optimized for 8-bit computers. MD2 is specified in RFC 1319. Although other algorithms have been proposed since, such as MD4, MD5 and SHA, even as of 2009 MD2 remains in use in public key infrastructures as part of certificates generated with MD2 and RSA.Template:Citation needed

Description[]

The 128-bit hash value of any message is formed by padding it to a multiple of the block length on the computer (128 bits or 16 bytes) and adding a 16-byte checksum to it. For the actual calculation, a 48-byte auxiliary block and a 256-byte S-table generated indirectly from the digits of the fractional part of pi are used (see nothing up my sleeve number). The algorithm runs through a loop where it permutes each byte in the auxiliary block 18 times for every 16 input bytes processed. Once all of the blocks of the (lengthened) message have been processed, the first partial block of the auxiliary block becomes the hash value of the message.

The S-table's values, in hex are:

0x29, 0x2E, 0x43, 0xC9, 0xA2, 0xD8, 0x7C, 0x01, 0x3D, 0x36, 0x54, 0xA1, 0xEC, 0xF0, 0x06, 0x13, 
0x62, 0xA7, 0x05, 0xF3, 0xC0, 0xC7, 0x73, 0x8C, 0x98, 0x93, 0x2B, 0xD9, 0xBC, 0x4C, 0x82, 0xCA, 
0x1E, 0x9B, 0x57, 0x3C, 0xFD, 0xD4, 0xE0, 0x16, 0x67, 0x42, 0x6F, 0x18, 0x8A, 0x17, 0xE5, 0x12, 
0xBE, 0x4E, 0xC4, 0xD6, 0xDA, 0x9E, 0xDE, 0x49, 0xA0, 0xFB, 0xF5, 0x8E, 0xBB, 0x2F, 0xEE, 0x7A, 
0xA9, 0x68, 0x79, 0x91, 0x15, 0xB2, 0x07, 0x3F, 0x94, 0xC2, 0x10, 0x89, 0x0B, 0x22, 0x5F, 0x21,
0x80, 0x7F, 0x5D, 0x9A, 0x5A, 0x90, 0x32, 0x27, 0x35, 0x3E, 0xCC, 0xE7, 0xBF, 0xF7, 0x97, 0x03, 
0xFF, 0x19, 0x30, 0xB3, 0x48, 0xA5, 0xB5, 0xD1, 0xD7, 0x5E, 0x92, 0x2A, 0xAC, 0x56, 0xAA, 0xC6, 
0x4F, 0xB8, 0x38, 0xD2, 0x96, 0xA4, 0x7D, 0xB6, 0x76, 0xFC, 0x6B, 0xE2, 0x9C, 0x74, 0x04, 0xF1, 
0x45, 0x9D, 0x70, 0x59, 0x64, 0x71, 0x87, 0x20, 0x86, 0x5B, 0xCF, 0x65, 0xE6, 0x2D, 0xA8, 0x02, 
0x1B, 0x60, 0x25, 0xAD, 0xAE, 0xB0, 0xB9, 0xF6, 0x1C, 0x46, 0x61, 0x69, 0x34, 0x40, 0x7E, 0x0F, 
0x55, 0x47, 0xA3, 0x23, 0xDD, 0x51, 0xAF, 0x3A, 0xC3, 0x5C, 0xF9, 0xCE, 0xBA, 0xC5, 0xEA, 0x26, 
0x2C, 0x53, 0x0D, 0x6E, 0x85, 0x28, 0x84, 0x09, 0xD3, 0xDF, 0xCD, 0xF4, 0x41, 0x81, 0x4D, 0x52, 
0x6A, 0xDC, 0x37, 0xC8, 0x6C, 0xC1, 0xAB, 0xFA, 0x24, 0xE1, 0x7B, 0x08, 0x0C, 0xBD, 0xB1, 0x4A, 
0x78, 0x88, 0x95, 0x8B, 0xE3, 0x63, 0xE8, 0x6D, 0xE9, 0xCB, 0xD5, 0xFE, 0x3B, 0x00, 0x1D, 0x39, 
0xF2, 0xEF, 0xB7, 0x0E, 0x66, 0x58, 0xD0, 0xE4, 0xA6, 0x77, 0x72, 0xF8, 0xEB, 0x75, 0x4B, 0x0A, 
0x31, 0x44, 0x50, 0xB4, 0x8F, 0xED, 0x1F, 0x1A, 0xDB, 0x99, 0x8D, 0x33, 0x9F, 0x11, 0x83, 0x14

MD2 hashes[]

The 128-bit (16-byte) MD2 hashes (also termed message digests) are typically represented as 32-digit hexadecimal numbers. The following demonstrates a 43-byte ASCII input and the corresponding MD2 hash:

 MD2("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog")
  = 03d85a0d629d2c442e987525319fc471

Even a small change in the message will (with overwhelming probability) result in a completely different hash, e.g. changing d to c:

 MD2("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cog")
  = 6b890c9292668cdbbfda00a4ebf31f05

The hash of the zero-length string is:

 MD2("") = 8350e5a3e24c153df2275c9f80692773

Security[]

Rogier and Chauvaud (1997) described collisions of MD2's compression function, although they were unable to extend the attack to the full MD2.

In 2004, MD2 was shown to be vulnerable to a preimage attack with time complexity equivalent to 2¹⁰⁴ applications of the compression function (Muller, 2004). The author concludes, "MD2 can no longer be considered a secure one-way hash function".

In 2008, MD2 has further improvements on a preimage attack with time complexity of 2⁷³ compression function evaluations and memory requirements of 2⁷³ message blocks.^[1]

In 2009, MD2 was shown to be vulnerable to a collision attack with time complexity of 2^63.3 compression function evaluations and memory requirements of 2⁵² hash values. This is slightly better than the birthday attack which is expected to take 2^65.5 compression function evaluations.^[2]

In 2009, security updates were issued disabling MD2 in OpenSSL, GnuTLS, and Network Security Services.^[3]

See also[]

• Comparison of cryptographic hash functions
• MD5
• MD6

References[]

• John Linn, RFC 1115 - Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part III—Algorithms, Modes, and Identifiers, Section 4.2, August 1989, Source by Ron L. Rivest October, 1988.
• Burt Kaliski, RFC 1319 - MD2 Message Digest Algorithm, April 1992.
• N. Rogier, Pascal Chauvaud, The compression function of MD2 is not collision free, Selected Areas in Cryptography - SAC'95 Ottawa, Canada, May 18-19, 1995 (workshop record).
• N. Rogier, Pascal Chauvaud, MD2 is not Secure without the Checksum Byte, Designs, Codes and Cryptography, 12(3), pp245–251, 1997.
• Frédéric Muller, The MD2 Hash Function is Not One-Way, ASIACRYPT 2004, pp214–229.
• Lars R. Knudsen and John Erik Mathiassen, Preimage and Collision Attacks on MD2. FSE 2005.

External links[]

• Online Char (ASCII), HEX, Binary, Base64, etc... Encoder/Decoder with MD2, MD4, MD5, SHA1+2, etc. hashing algorithms
• Online MD2 calculation and other hashes

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