The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (OKR) is The World Bank’s official open access repository for its research outputs and knowledge products.
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Total publications: 37,550
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Publication Livelihoods Lost - Findings from two rounds of the Somalia Displacement Phone Survey (2022)(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-07-19) World BankDisplacement features prominently in Somalia and is characterized by complex and interconnected conflict, economic, and climatic factors. Millions of people have been displaced internally within the country over the past years. Somalia also hosts 38,463 refugees or asylum-seekers from a variety of countries of origin, while some 8,993 former refugees have returned between 2020 and 2004 with assistance from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (UNHCR, 2024). Among internally displaced people (IDPs), more than half were displaced from 2016 onwards following five consecutive failed rainy seasons in much of the country (UNHCR, 2023). They often live alongside refugee returnees, particularly those from Kenya, as well as refugees and asylum seekers, the majority from Yemen and Ethiopia. These populations endure precarious livelihood and food security conditions, overcrowded environments with limited access to essential services and face an increased risk of gender-based violence, loss of productive assets and strained relations with host communities.Publication Strengthening International Trade and Logistics through Private Sector Participation in Mongolia and Pre-feasibility Study for a Dry Port in Zamiin Uud(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-07-19) World BankThis report, funded by the World Bank, is aimed at strengthening Mongolia’s international trade and logistics. It summarizes the material presented in the previous reports – which covered transport demand, railway operations, border management, and private sector participation. The report focuses on the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor (CMREC), as the main corridor for non-mining international trade. It addresses logistics services, government policies, and institutional capacity to establish a robust foundation for corridor development, including trade expansion, supply chain development, economic diversification, and environmental well-being.Publication Fiscal Incidence in Kyrgyzstan: A Commitment to Equity Analysis(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-07-19) World BankKyrgyzstan is a lower middle-income country in Central Asia, with the population of 6.2 million. How redistributive are the fiscal policies is a question of particular importance to Kyrgyzstan. On the one hand, relatively high budget expenditure and low tax compliance due to the high share of shadow economy lead to fiscal deficits and reliance on external financing. This CEQ analysis sheds light on the redistributive properties of fiscal programs, on their ability to fight poverty and inequality. The purpose of this paper is to apply the Commitment to Equity (CEQ) analysis to the fiscal policy in Kyrgyzstan. The CEQ analysis focuses on the redistribution effects of the taxes and expenditures, with an aim to answer two questions: (1) how much the fiscal policy decreases inequality; and (2) does the fiscal policy increase or decrease povertyPublication Pakistan Least-Cost Electrification Study(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-07-19) World BankThe World Bank commissioned this Least-Cost Electrification Study to identify the optimal route for achieving universal access to electricity by 2030 in Pakistan, through expansion of the existing distribution grid and off-grid solutions. A Mini-Grid Portfolio Readiness Assessment was commissioned in parallel to provide further granularity on the potential for mini-grids across the country, and its findings are part of this report. The studies were carried out over a two-year period (2021–2022) by a team of experts, based on methodologies developed and tested in a number of other countries. The results of the Least-Cost Electrification Study are based on a geospatial model that considers four options for delivering universal electrical service by 2030: (i) the densification of the existing electricity grid; (ii) extension of the existing grid; (iii) mini-grids, and (iv) individual off-grid systems. The Mini-Grid Portfolio Readiness Assessment identifies and ranks the current high priority mini-grid sites across Pakistan which can be leveraged by federal and provincial governments, electricity distribution companies, and the private sector to enhance electricity access. The two sets of analysis have been compared and calibrated to inform the outputs and the recommendations contained in this report.Publication Closing the Gap: Trends in Adaptation Finance for Fragile and Conflict-affected Settings(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-07-19) Jones, L.; Banga, J.; Notkin, B.; Brochen, A.Global funds to support climate adaptation are a lifeline for low-income countries, and nowhere is this more evident than in settings facing fragility and conflict. While there is little question that countries on the World Bank’s Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations (FCS) list are underserved in terms of adaptation finance received from international funders, the scale and nature of the financing gap compared to other low-income countries are less clear. By consolidating a decade’s worth of climate finance data from international funders, this report examines global financial flows to support adaptation in fragile and conflict affected settings. Using a database that covers international climate finance commitments from major bilateral, multilateral, and philanthropic funders, it explores the size and nature of adaptation finance to FCS. The analysis goes further than existing studies, by comparing not just the financial flows going to FCS and non-FCS countries, but also those going to different FCS countries. This allows us to determine whether adaptation finance is targeting the most vulnerable countries and begin to explore factors associated with differences in funding allocations. This report is part of a wider research program aimed at uncovering barriers and entry points to scaling adaptation finance as part of the World Bank’s Scaling Adaptation Finance in Fragile Environments (SAFFE) activity.
