The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (OKR) is The World Bank’s official open access repository for its research outputs and knowledge products.
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Publication Development Reversed: Poverty and Labor Markets in Myanmar(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-07-15) Sinha Roy, Sutirtha; Van Der Weide, RoyThe combined impacts of multiple negative shocks, including the Covid-19 pandemic and the February 2021 military coup, have brought poverty headcount, depth, and severity in Myanmar back to levels last seen in 2015. Poverty estimation exercises based on unofficial household survey data involve statistical uncertainties. However, trends in household well-being indicators studied in this report robustly point to a rise in poverty between 2017 and 2023. These trends underscore significant reversals from Myanmar’s experience of sustained poverty reduction until 2020, which was driven by fast economic growth and an expansion of its manufacturing and services sectors. While poverty has risen compared to the last six years and remains highest in rural areas, it has surged particularly rapidly in urban areas and among individuals with higher human capital endowments. The decline in living standards among urban households - especially those that belong to lower and middle-income families - has likely contributed to a reduction in inequality. Poverty estimates in this report are lower than other recently available estimates for Myanmar, largely due to methodological differences and the statistical uncertainties associated with such exercises. In urban areas, poverty has risen between 2017 and 2023, with a substantial decline in consumption among urban lower and middle-income households. The remaining report proceeds as follows: Chapter 1 provides the headline estimates of Myanmar’s poverty by location and household characteristics. Chapter 2 uses a labor market lens to understand the emerging trends in poverty. Technical details related to the updated methodology can be found in the Appendix 1. Appendix 2 provides key estimates of labor market indicators from MSPS at the subnational level.Publication A Development Approach to Advancing Gender Engagement and Addressing Gender Inequalities in Fragile, Conflict, and Violent Situations(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-07-15) World BankFragility, Conflict, and Violence (FCV) affects women, men, girls, and boys differently. FCV tends to exacerbate gender disparities in education, health, economic participation, voice, and agency. The number of people living in FCV settings is at a record high due to ongoing and new conflicts. FCV countries make up the ten worst-performing countries on several indicators that are critical for gender equality, including maternal mortality, school enrollment, and reproductive health care. There are several existing processes and instruments that task teams can draw on to maximize gender outcomes in FCV contexts. The objective of this approach paper is to identify practices and approaches in the design, implementation, monitoring, and measuring of interventions and operations that respond to the differentiated needs of women, girls, men, and boys, and contribute towards addressing gender inequalities in FCV countries. The approach paper features selected operational highlights showcasing regional experiences, lessons learned, and best practices on addressing gender inequalities in FCV settings. Additionally, it includes an action plan outlining steps to elevate gender issues and responses beyond individual projects to more strategic country engagements.Publication Women's Employment in Renewable Energy In The East Asia And Pacific Region(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-07-15) World BankThis note summarizes the available information on the level of female representation in the RE sector in the EAP region, and highlights entry points through which World Bank energy projects could help increase female representation in the sector, particularly in technical and leadership positions. Alongside greenhouse gas emissions reduction and improved energy security, employment in the RE sector is one of the most important co-benefits of renewable energy adoption, and a key incentive for policymakers to support renewable energy. Applying a gender lens that aims to create equal opportunities for men and women in the job market will support women's empowerment and access to decent employment.Publication Tax Expenditure Manual(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-07-15) World BankThis manual is a contribution to the rich body of literature on tax expenditures and aim to inform policymakers and policy debates on tax expenditures reform. In doing so, it builds on the existing knowledge and endeavors to provide a comprehensive guidance on key aspects of tax expenditure analysis. Considering that cross-country comparability of tax expenditure estimates is challenging due to differences in benchmarking, this manual specifically aims to provide guidance on how to benchmark some of the most common features of a tax system. This manual should be seen as a contribution to the vast ocean of knowledge on tax expenditures, rather than an exhaustive guide to all their complexities. This guidance endeavors to assist policy practitioners, especially in developing countries, in navigating and understandingtax expenditure issues.Publication Myanmar Energy Sector Update: Energy Poverty Amid Plenty(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-07-15) World BankIncreasing the power supply-demand gap remains the major challenge to securing reliable electricity services in Myanmar. This report presents the recent dynamics in both on-grid and off-grid electricity generation to understand the complexities related to the performance of the power sector in Myanmar.
